Causes of headache
Your headache symptoms can help your doctor determine its
cause and the appropriate treatment. Most headaches aren't the result of a serious
illness, but some may result from a life-threatening condition requiring
emergency care.
Headaches are generally classified by cause:
Primary headaches
A primary headache is caused by overactivity of or problems
with pain-sensitive structures in your head. A primary headache isn't a symptom
of an underlying disease.
Chemical activity in your brain, the nerves or blood vessels
surrounding your skull, or the muscles of your head and neck (or some
combination of these factors) can play a role in primary headaches. Some people
may also carry genes that make them more likely to develop such headaches.
The most common primary headaches are:
Cluster headache
Care at Mayo Clinic (with and without aura)
Tension headache (also known as tension-type headache)
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC), such as cluster
headache and paroxysmal hemicrania
A few headache patterns also are generally considered types
of primary headache, but are less common. These headaches have distinct
features, such as an unusual duration or pain associated with a certain
activity.
Although generally considered primary, each could be a
symptom of an underlying disease. They include:
Chronic daily headaches (for example, chronic migraine,
chronic tension-type headache, or hemicranias continua)
Cough headaches
Exercise headaches
Sex headaches
Some primary headaches can be triggered by lifestyle
factors, including:
Alcohol, particularly red wine
Certain foods, such as processed meats that contain nitrates
Changes in sleep or lack of sleep
Poor posture
Skipped meals
Stress
Secondary headaches
A secondary headache is a symptom of a disease that can
activate the pain-sensitive nerves of the head. Any number of conditions —
varying greatly in severity — may cause secondary headaches.
Possible causes of secondary headaches include:
Acute sinusitis
Arterial tears (carotid or vertebral dissections)
Blood clot (venous thrombosis) within the brain — separate
from stroke
Brain aneurysm (a bulge in an artery in your brain)
Brain AVM (brain arteriovenous malformation) — an abnormal
formation of brain blood vessels
Brain tumor
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Chiari malformation (structural problem at the base of your
skull)
Concussion
Dehydration
Dental problems
Ear infection (middle ear)
Encephalitis (brain inflammation)
Giant cell arteritis (inflammation of the lining of the
arteries)
Glaucoma (acute angle closure glaucoma)
Hangovers
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Influenza (flu) and other febrile (fever) illnesses
Intracranial hematoma (blood vessel ruptures with bleeding
in or around the brain)
Medications to treat other disorders
Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes and fluid
surrounding your brain and spinal cord)
Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Overuse of pain medication
Panic attacks and panic disorder
Post-concussion syndrome
Pressure from tight headgear, such as a helmet or goggles
Pseudotumor cerebri (increased pressure inside the skull),
also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Stroke
Toxoplasmosis
Trigeminal neuralgia (as well as other neuralgias, all
involving irritation of certain nerves connecting the face and brain)
Some types of secondary headaches include:
External compression headaches (a result of pressure-causing
headgear)
Ice cream headaches (commonly called brain freeze)
Rebound headaches (caused by overuse of pain medication)
Sinus headaches (caused by inflammation and congestion in
sinus cavities)
Spinal headaches (caused by low pressure or volume of
cerebrospinal fluid, possibly the result of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid
leak, spinal tap or spinal anesthesia)
Thunderclap headaches (a group of disorders that
involves sudden, severe headaches with multiple causes)
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